Compare and Contrast - 1513 Words

Course Project – Part I AirJet Best Parts, Inc Student: Goldie Scarbrough Course: Finance Instructor: Professor Mike Woodard Date: 03/23/2013 Task 1: Assessing loan options for AirNet Best Parts, Inc The Company needs to finance $8,000,000 for a new factory in Mexico. The funds will be obtained through a commercial loan and by issuing corporate bonds. Here is some of the information regarding the APRs offered by two well-known commercial banks. Bank | APR | Number of Times Compounded | National First | Prime Rate + 6.75% | Semiannually | Regions Best | 13.17 | Monthly | 1. Assuming that AirJet Parts, Inc. is considering loans from National First and Regions Best, what are the EARs for these two banks?†¦show more content†¦Preferred dividends are generally fixed they can be valued as a constant growth rate of zero. You use the zero growth models for the preferred stock and the assumption that the dividends always stay the same and you use the constant growth model for common stock because the dividend grows by a specific percent a year. 4. What would happen with the price you computed above if AirJet Best Parts, Inc. announces that dividends at the end of the year will increase. What if the required rate of return increases? What changes in dividends will affect the stock price and how? If the amount of the dividend were to increase at the end of the year, the common stock amount would increase. If the required would rate of return increase, the current share price of common stock would decrease. As the stock price increases, the risk becomes higher for investors but they would be willing to pay for the higher price because there is also an expectation that there will be a higher return in dividends. An increase in dividends would make stock higher as investors will see that the stock pays good dividends and they will be willing to pay good money in return for a good payout. Task 3: Bond Evaluation AirJet Best Parts, Inc. would like to issue 20-year bonds to obtain remaining funds for the New Mexico plant. The company currently has 7.5% semiannualShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, let’s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create lists of qualitiesRead MoreCompare and Contrast1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, let’s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create listsRead MoreCompare and Contrast1582 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: COMPARE AND CONTRAST Compare and Contrast Self Administered Test Mary Coleman May 12, 2008 PSYU 565 Jeffrey A. Stone, PhD. Chapman University Compare and Contrast Self Administered Test The assignment for this week is to compare and contrast the results from three self administered tests we took in class. 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The two poems by Seamus Heaney I will be writing about are death of a naturalist and blackberry picking. The poem by D H Laurence I will be writing about is discord in childhood. Death of a naturalist Death of a naturalist is about Seamus Heaney as a child going to this pond where every year he went to collect frogspawnRead MoreCompare and Contrast1122 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay In today’s society the majority of the crimes are still being committed by people who have possessed a firearm that has been obtained illegally or without proper permits. That being said there has been a strong push for gun control because of the rise of shootings involving a large group of people such as the Columbine massacre, Virginia Tech shooting and latest Aurora movie theater shooting involving people who have purchased firearms legally. Gun control laws in theRead MoreCompare and Contrast2738 Words   |  11 PagesCompare and Contrast Economic Market Systems In differentiating between market structures one has to compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. All of these are major factors that need to be considered. Public goods are those goods in which all of society benefit from and are equally shared among everyone within. These types of goods can be consumed simultaneously by several individuals without diminishing the value of consumption to any individualRead MoreCompare and Contrast2751 Words   |  12 PagesCompare and Contrast Economic Market Systems In differentiating between market structures one has to compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. All of these are major factors that need to be considered. Public goods are those goods in which all of society benefit from and are equally shared among everyone within. These types of goods can be consumed simultaneously by several individuals without diminishing the value of consumption to any individual

The On The House Of Medici - 1245 Words

By looking at the political history of major world powers, we are clearly aware of the events of legitimation crises: the House of Medici was confronted by the people under the influence of religious Savonarola; American Civil War emerged from a conflict of ideologies of the North and the South; Southeast Asian countries went through unsuccessful and even destructive decolonization; Communist China was challenged by large-scale protests after the East European upheaval. It is definitely a serious task for rulers to maintain a good standing as not to be overthrown, but various sources of crises made it hard for the authority to predict outcomes and plot countermeasures. The Prince discusses the charm of pure princely power, without the addition of morality; Huntington introduces the â€Å"political gap† caused by modernization; Nisbet warns the public of an increasingly more centralized authority; De Jasay investigates the nature of repression and consent. The research findings of the aforementioned authors elicit me to better comprehend potential priorities of governments. 1)A government may push forward the process of institutionalization in line with economic development. 2)A government need to understand the core interests of people to gain consent. 3)A government should be decisive and flexible when encountering adversaries. Huntington, in his work, equates modernity with stability and modernization with chaos. He argues that during the process of modernization, drasticShow MoreRelatedThe Power of The House of Medici Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesThe House of Medici, or the Medici family, was a very influential and extremely powerful family during the time of the Renaissance in Italy. The Renaissance took place starting in the late 14th century. During this time, the people started to take interest in and have an appreciation for the classical times. The beginning of this powerful family really begins with Giovanni di Bicci deˈ Medici. He was born in the year 1360 in Florence, Italy. Originally from the Tuscan hillside, the Medici familyRead MoreThe Medici s Influence On The Renaissance Period1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe Medici family, also known commonly as the house of the Medici was a wealthy merchant class family who gained their wealth and political power through its success in commerce and ba nking. With the rise to power of Cosimo de’ Medici in Florence, the city was launched into the Renaissance period as the family’s support of the arts and humanities were a big influence. Until the late 14th century the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. 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As Cosimo grew older, he took on more duties in the family business and eventually became the head of the bank the family owned. When he was a young man he had an important relationship with the Catholic Church, at this time the Church was the dominant religious faith of Europe, the one mostRead MoreEuropean Collectors Of The 16th And 17th Centuries1447 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean Collectors of the 16th and 17th Centuries: Perhaps two of the most noteworthy art collections in the 1500’s were the collections of the Medici, well know patrons of the arts and of many well-known artists; also the Habsburgs of Austria Known then as the Holy Roman emperors who were known for having an eclectic collection ranging from scientific tools and exotic stuffed animals to religious artefacts and Paintings. Then in the seventeenth century in Britain another famous collector comesRead MoreIs Sylvie a Plot-Driven or a Character-Driven Story?787 Words   |  3 Pagessteering the story. Most of the images represent the time frame of the 9th century. The line: has retained distinctive traces of the prolonged sojourn of the Cardinals of the House of Este during the time of the Medici harbors back again with Roman Catholicism as the House of Medici produced four Popes of the Catholic church. The House of Este has its origins dating back to the time of Charlemagne. It connects everything to the theme of that time perio d. a perfume of the Renaissance finally ties it allRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli Essay940 Words   |  4 Pagesearly life is know but it has been speculated that he attended the University of Florence due to his academic ability. Niccolo quickly ascended to the rank of clerk in Florence and not long after became an ambassador all in the same year that the Medici family was banished from Florence. As ambassador Niccolo travelled to important centers in Italy and France representing Florence, Niccolo learned much about courtlife and lordship in France and was greatly influenced by an Italian general namedRead MoreThe Role Of A Patron For The Artist And Production Of The Artefact Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pageswas what patrons worked towards. 3 The Medici family, which ruled Florence throughout much of the Renaissance, played a great part in the patronage of the arts and the political growth of the city. The Medici story began when the family moved from Tuscany to Florence. Though banking and commence, the Medici’s rose to become the powerful and important houses in Florence. Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici, is known to be the person that started the imperative Medici dynasty. 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The House of Guise, Bourbon, and Montmorency which were major families that coexisted in France. These families fought for crown after the Habsburg-Valois War which weakened the French throne. The Guises who were fanatical Catholics were also the most powerful

Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction in Working Place free essay sample

Definition: Employee satisfaction is the terminology used to describe whether employees are happy and contented and fulfilling their desires and needs at work. Many measures purport that employee satisfaction is a factor in employee motivation, employee goal achievement, and positive employee morale in the workplace. Employee satisfaction, while generally a positive in your organization, can also be a downer if mediocre employees stay because they are satisfied with your work environment. Job satisfaction is in regard to ones feelings or state-of-mind regarding the nature of their work. Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, eg, the quality of ones relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. (To my knowledge, there is no strong acceptance among researchers, consultants, etc. , that increased job satisfaction produces improve job performance in fact, improved job satisfaction can sometimes decrease job performance. For example, you could let sometime sit around all day and do nothing. That may make them more satisfied with their work in the short run, but their performance certainly didnt improve. Common Agree/Disagree Items: I am optimistic about the future of the company. I am optimistic about my future success with the company. I am proud to work for the company. I feel more committed to a career with the company this year than I did a year ago. I feel that the company cares about its people. I feel that working for the company will lead to the kind of future I want. I feel that people get ahead primarily on the merits of their work. Men and women are provided with equal career opportunities in the company. I am satisfied with my understanding of the direction and goals of the company. I understand of how the companys strategy differentiates us from the competition. I am satisfied with my understanding of how my goals are linked to company goals. The company is a leader in the industry in important ways. The company is a strong competitor in key growth areas. The companys leadership has a clear vision of the future. Company leadership has made changes that are positive for the company. Company leadership has made changes which are positive for me. Company leadership is responding to the important external issues. Company leadership is responding to the important internal issues. Common Satisfaction Items: How satisfied are you: with with your job? that the leaders in your work environment are positive role models? with your direct supervisor? that your supervisor keeps you well informed about whats going on in the company? that your views and participation are valued? that your supervisor cares and is responding to the issues of most importance to you? with the professionalism of the people with whom you work? with the team spirit in your work environment? with the morale of the people with whom you work? with your own morale? .. that your work gives you a feeling of personal accomplishment? that you receive appropriate recognition for your contributions? with the empowerment you have to influence the quality of your work? with the reasonableness of your work responsibilities? with your ability to maintain a reasonable balance between family life and work life? that your compensation matches your responsibilities? with your overall job securi ty? with the amount and frequency of informal praise and appreciation you receive from your supervisor? with the company as a place to work? Job satisfaction From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his or her job. The happier people are within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Job satisfaction is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Job design aims to enhance job satisfaction and performance, methods include job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture, employee involvement, empowerment and autonomous work groups. Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations. The most common way of measurement is the use of rating scales where employees report their reactions to their jobs. Questions relate to rate of pay, work responsibilities, variety of tasks, promotional opportunities the work itself and co-workers. Some questioners ask yes or no questions while others ask to rate satisfaction on 1-5 scale (where 1 represents not at all satisfied and 5 represents extremely satisfied). Contents | |[hide] | |1 Definitions | |2 History | |3 Models of job satisfaction | |3. Affect Theory | |3. 2 Dispositional Theory | |3. 3 Two-Factor Theory (Motivator-Hygiene Theory) | |3. Job Characteristics Model | |4 Communication Overload and Communication Underload | |5 Measuring job satisfaction | |6 Superior-Subordinate Communication | |7 Relationships and practical implications | |8 See also | |9 Footnotes | [pic][edit] Definitions Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job;[1] an affective reaction to one’s job;[2] and an attitude towards one’s job. [3] Weiss (2002) has argued that job satisfaction is an attitude but points out that researchers should clearly distinguish the objects of cognitive evaluation which are affect (emotion), beliefs and behaviours. [4] This definition suggests that we form attitudes towards our jobs by taking into account our feelings, our beliefs, and our behaviors [edit] History One of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne studies. These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various conditions (most notably illumination) on workers’ productivity. These studies ultimately showed that novel changes in work conditions temporarily increase productivity (called the Hawthorne Effect). It was later found that this increase resulted, not from the new conditions, but from the knowledge of being observed. This finding provided strong evidence that people work for purposes other than pay, which paved the way for researchers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction. Scientific management (aka Taylorism) also had a significant impact on the study of job satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylor’s 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, argued that there was a single best way to perform any given work task. This book contributed to a change in industrial production philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor and piecework towards the more modern approach of assembly lines and hourly wages. The initial use of scientific management by industries greatly increased productivity because workers were forced to work at a faster pace. However, workers became exhausted and dissatisfied, thus leaving researchers with new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction. It should also be noted that the work of W. L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scott, and Hugo Munsterberg set the tone for Taylor’s work. Some argue that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life – physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. This model served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job satisfaction theories. Job satisfaction can also be seen within the broader context of the range of issues which affect an individuals experience of work, or their quality of working life. Job satisfaction can be understood in terms of its relationships with other key factors, such as general well-being, stress at work, control at work, home-work interface, and working conditions. [edit] Models of job satisfaction [edit] Affect Theory Edwin A. Locke’s Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work (e. g. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/aren’t met. When a person values a particular facet of a job, his satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who doesn’t value that facet. To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the workplace and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy and less satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to Employee B. This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will produce stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet. [edit] Dispositional Theory Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory Template:JacksonApril 2007. It is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of one’s job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins have similar levels of job satisfaction. A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine one’s disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in one’s own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction [citation needed]. [edit] Two-Factor Theory (Motivator-Hygiene Theory) Frederick Herzberg’s Two factor theory (also known as Motivator Hygiene Theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace[5] This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors – motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. An employee’s motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to attain personal and organization goals (Hoskinson, Porter, Wrench, p. 133). Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities. These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out. 5] Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions. [5] While Hertzbergs mo del has stimulated much research, researchers have been unable to reliably empirically prove the model, with Hackman Oldham suggesting that Hertzbergs original formulation of the model may have been a methodological artifact. [5] Furthermore, the theory does not consider individual differences, conversely predicting all employees will react in an identical manner to changes in motivating/hygiene factors. [5] Finally, the model has been criticised in that it does not specify how motivating/hygiene factors are to be measured. [5] [edit] Job Characteristics Model Hackman Oldham proposed the Job Characteristics Model, which is widely used as a framework to study how particular job characteristics impact on job outcomes, including job satisfaction. The model states that there are five core job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) which impact three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the actual results), in turn influencing work outcomes (job satisfaction, absenteeism, work motivation, etc. ). [6] The five core job characteristics can be combined to form a motivating potential score (MPS) for a job, which can be used as an index of how likely a job is to affect an employees attitudes and behaviors-. A meta-analysis of studies that assess the framework of the model provides some support for the validity of the JCM. [7] [edit] Communication Overload and Communication Underload One of the most important aspects of an individual’s work in a modern organization concerns the management of communication demands that he or she encounters on the job (Krayer, K. J. , Westbrook, L. , p. 85). Demands can be characterized as a communication load, which refers to â€Å"the rate and complexity of communication inputs an individual must process in a particular time frame (Faraca, Monge, Russel, 1977). † Individuals in an organization can experience communication over-load and communication under- load which can affect their level of job satisfaction. Communication overload can occur when â€Å"an individual receives too many messages in a short period of time which can result in unprocessed information or when an individual faces more complex messages that are more difficult to process (Farace, Monge, Russel, 1997). † Due to this process, â€Å"given an individual’s style of work and motivation to complete a task, when more inputs exist than outputs, the individual perceives a condition of overload (Krayer, K. J. , Westbrook, L. , p. 86) which can be positively or negatively related to job satisfaction. In comparison, communication under load can occur when messages or inputs are sent below the individual’s ability to process them (Farace, Monge, Russel, 1997). According to the ideas of communication over-load and under-load, if an individual does not receive enough input on the job or is unsuccessful in processing these inputs, the individual is more likely to become dissatisfied, aggravated, and unhapp y with their work which leads to a low level of job satisfaction. [edit] Measuring job satisfaction There are many methods for measuring job satisfaction. By far, the most common method for collecting data regarding job satisfaction is the Likert scale (named after Rensis Likert). Other less common methods of for gauging job satisfaction include: Yes/No questions, True/False questions, point systems, checklists, and forced choice answers. This data is typically collected using an Enterprise Feedback Management (EFM) system. The Job Descriptive Index (JDI), created by Smith, Kendall, Hulin (1969), is a specific questionnaire of job satisfaction that has been widely used. It measures one’s satisfaction in five facets: pay, promotions and promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. The scale is simple, participants answer either yes, no, or can’t decide (indicated by ‘? ’) in response to whether given statements accurately describe one’s job. The Job in General Index is an overall measurement of job satisfaction. It is an improvement to the Job Descriptive Index because the JDI focuses too much on individual facets and not enough on work satisfaction in general. Other job satisfaction questionnaires include: the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), and the Faces Scale. The MSQ measures job satisfaction in 20 facets and has a long form with 100 questions (five items from each facet) and a short form with 20 questions (one item from each facet). The JSS is a 36 item questionnaire that measures nine facets of job satisfaction. Finally, the Faces Scale of job satisfaction, one of the first scales used widely, measured overall job satisfaction with just one item which participants respond to by choosing a face. [edit] Superior-Subordinate Communication Superior-subordinate communication is an important influence on job satisfaction in the workplace. The way in which subordinate’s perceive a supervisor’s behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction. Communication behavior such as facial expression, eye contact, vocal expression, and body movement is crucial to the superior-subordinate relationship (Teven, p. 156). Nonverbal messages play a central role in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression formation, deception, attraction, social influence, and emotional expression (Burgoon, Buller, Woodall, 1996). Nonverbal immediacy from the supervisor helps to increase interpersonal involvement with their subordinates impacting job satisfaction. The manner in which supervisors communicate their subordinates may be more important than the verbal content (Teven, p. 156). Individuals who dislike and think negatively about their supervisor are less willing to communicate or have motivation to work where as individuals who like and think positively of their supervisor are more likely to communicate and are satisfied with their job and work environment. The relationship of a subordinate with their supervisor is a very important aspect in the workplace. Therefore, a supervisor who uses nonverbal immediacy, friendliness, and open communication lines is more willing to receive positive feedback and high job satisfaction from a subordinate where as a supervisor who is antisocial, unfriendly, and unwilling to communicate will naturally receive negative feedback and very low job satisfaction from their subordinate’s in the workplace.. motions == Mood and emotions while working are the raw materials which cumulate to form the affective element of job satisfaction. (Weiss and Cropanzano, 1996). 8] Moods tend to be longer lasting but often weaker states of uncertain origin, while emotions are often more intense, short-lived and have a clear object or cause. There is some evidence in the literature that state moods are related to overall job satisfaction. [9][10] Positive and negative emotions were also found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction[11] Frequency of experiencing net positive emotion will be a better predictor of overall job satisfaction than will intensity of positive emotion when it is experienced. [11] Emotion regulation and emotion labor are also related to job satisfaction. Emotion work (or emotion management) refers to various efforts to manage emotional states and displays. Emotion regulation includes all of the conscious and unconscious efforts to increase, maintain, or decrease one or more components of an emotion. Although early studies of the consequences of emotional labor emphasized its harmful effects on workers, studies of workers in a variety of occupations suggest that the consequences of emotional labor are not uniformly negative. [12] It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job satisfaction and the amplification of pleasant emotions increases job satisfaction. [13] The understanding of how emotion regulation relates to job satisfaction concerns two models: 1. emotional dissonance. Emotional dissonance is a state of discrepancy between public displays of emotions and internal experiences of emotions,[14][15] that often follows the process of emotion regulation. Emotional dissonance is associated with high emotional exhaustion, low organizational commitment, and low job satisfaction. [16][17] 2. Social interaction model. Taking the social interaction perspective, workers’ emotion regulation might beget responses from others during interpersonal encounters that subsequently impact their own job satisfaction. For example: The accumulation of favorable responses to displays of pleasant emotions might positively affect job satisfaction[13] . erformance of emotional labor that produces desired outcomes could increase job satisfaction. [edit] Relationships and practical implications Job Satisfaction can be an important indicator of how employees feel about their jobs and a predictor of work behaviours such as organizational citizenship,[18] absenteeism,[19] and turnover. [20] Further, job satisfaction can partially mediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behaviors. [21] One common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life satisfaction. [22] This correlation is reciprocal, meaning people who are satisfied with life tend to be satisfied ith their job and people who are satisfied with their job tend to be satisfied with life. However, some research has found that job satisfaction is not significantly related to life satisfaction when other variables such as nonwork satisfaction and core self-evaluations are taken into account. [23] An important finding for organizations to note is that job satisfaction has a rather tenuous correlation to productivity on the job. This is a vital piece of information to researchers and businesses, as the idea that satisfaction and job performance are directly related to one another is often cited in the media and in some non-academic management literature. A recent meta-analysis found an average uncorrected correlation between job satisfaction and productivity to be r=. 18; the average true correlation, corrected for research artifacts and unreliability, was r=. 30. [24] Further, the meta-analysis found that the relationship between satisfaction and performance can be moderated by job complexity, such that for high-complexity jobs the correlation between satisfaction and performance is higher (? =. 52) than for jobs of low to moderate complexity (? =. 29). Job Satisfaction also high relationship with intention to quit. It is found in many research that Job Satisfaction can lead to Intention to Stay / Quit in an organization (Kim et al. , 1996). Recent research has also shown that Intention to Quit can have effect like poor performance orientation, organizational deviance, and poor organizational citizenship behaviours (Krishnan, Sandeep. , and Singh. , Manjari, 2010). In short, the relationship of satisfaction to productivity is not necessarily straightforward and can be influenced by a number of other work-related constructs, and the notion that a happy worker is a productive worker should not be the foundation of organizational decision-making. With regard to job performance, employee personality may be more important than job satisfaction. [25] The link between job satisfaction and performance is thought to be a spurious relationship; instead, both satisfaction and performance are the result of personality.

Pillsbury Challenge Essay Example

Pillsbury Challenge Paper The Canadian Pillsbury ready-baked goods cookie line is experiencing disappointing performance, and the marketing manager at General Mills Canada Corporation is under pressure to make strategic decisions that will help turn around the segment. The marketing manager has engaged the help of the consumer insights team to conduct market research studies that will shed light on consumers and their attitudes, behaviors, and preferences towards the product. The goal is to understand how marketers can make better decisions, based on different types of consumer research, show how the relevant customer insights can help to determine strategies and explore the ways to improve business performance. Its that we are going to explain during this study. Firstly, we will see the company overview, then the consumer insights and their implications (the key learning) and to finish, we will do some recommendations for the Pillsbury Cookie Challenge. One of the worlds leading food companies, General Mills operates in more Han 1 00 countries and markets more than 100 consumer brands, such as Hypoxia, Pillsbury, Hagen-Dads, Nature Valley, Green Giant, and more. Headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the company operates in three segments: IIS Retail, International and F-DOD service. Representing 69 per cent of total sales, the US Retail segment is the largest of the three. General Mills Canada Corporation (CM) is a subsidiary of General Mills. With annual sales of IIS$ 566 million, CM is a leader in the Canadian packaged foods market and the second largest division within the International segments. The Canadian division is split into four business units: breakfast, baked goods, meals and snacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Pillsbury Challenge specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pillsbury Challenge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pillsbury Challenge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Part of the General Mills portfolio, the Pillsbury brand is the leader in the refrigerated baked goods category with a full range of products, including cookies, biscuits, breads, pizza and pie crusts, sweet rolls The Pillsbury refrigerated cookies is available in multiple flavors and two aromas (chub and ready-to-bake), with seasonal cookie special for Halloween, Easter, Valentines Day and Christmas. The cookies are sold between $2. 99 and 34. 99, according to the cookie format, the type of retailer and the region. The RUG products can be buy in all major grocery retailers such as Metro, Lobar, Sobers and club stores in Canada. About the marketing strategy, there is not a strategy specific to the Canadian market. Indeed, its the US advertising, which is adapted to the Canadian market, for example. In terms of the market, Pillsbury was the most profitable segment of General Mills Canada, with refrigerated cookie dough owning 62% of ready-baked- goods sales and yielding 75% category profit. Pillsbury held 85% of the market share and Was carried by all major Canadian retailers. However, volume growth, household penetration, and cookie segment growth were all flat. THE RUB COOKIES SOOT How the RUB cookies category is on the market? How to better take into account its weaknesses and threats? Here, we are going to draw up a SOOT analysis in order to better sharpen our recommendations, and thus, solve the problem raised by this case. In order to find some solutions for the Pillsbury challenge, its interesting to have an overview about the Pillsbury cookies weaknesses, strength, opportunities and threat. The goal is to take into account the opportunities and strength of the product and to spread out it. Contrary to that, we will do suggestions, which both resolve the issues and will try to remedy the weaknesses. In a nutshell, we are going to use and exploit the weaknesses and threat through the consumer insights in order to bring strategic and relevant recommendations, with a view to the Pillsbury problem. Pillsbury Doughy is an advertising icon and mascot of the Pillsbury company) THE PROBLEM STATEMENT RUB in Canada branch performance were not satisfied over the past two years whereas refrigerated cookies had always been the most profitable product line of its category. Indeed, the volume growth between 2004 2006 had remained nearly flat at 1 % and the household penetration had fallen to 24% from previous years. The goal is to understand the possible reasons of decline in cookie sales, through the Consumer insights (taste, advertising, Current brand messaging Of the Pills bury). For this purpose, the marketing manager Guile wants to see the difference between consumer markets of Canada and that of United States in order to design a marketing strategy according to it to boost the sales as well as profit of this category. HOSTED ANALYSIS In order to understand these cultural differences here are the Hefted framework: Power distance Interdependence among its inhabitants Value placed on egalitarianism Canadians value a straightforward exchange of information individual Allis Individualistic culture people look after themselves and their immediate families Employees are expected to be self-reliant and display initiatives Masculinity Moderately masculine society Work-life balance and are likely to take time to enjoy personal pursuits, family gatherings and life in general uncertainty avoidance Uncertainty accepting. Easy acceptance of new ideas, innovative products and a willingness to try something new or different, whether it pertains to technology, business practices, or consumer products Pragmatism Normative society Strong concern with establishing the absolute Truth; they are normative in their thinking Great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to eve for the future, and a focus on achieving quick results Indulgence Indulgent Willingness to realize their impulses and desires with regard to enjoying life and having fun Higher degree of importance on leisure time, act as they please and spend money as they wish. 1 . CONSUMER INSIGHTS What are consumer insights? Definition: the collection, deployment and interpretation Of information that allows a business to acquire, develop and retain their customers. Process of collecting and analyzing customer feedbacks toward a product or a brand. Who use it? Internal marketing teams and a 3rd party research firms to conduct nonuser research. What types of business challenges can benefit from consumer insights? Gathering Consumer Insights helps to understand the preferences, attitudes and behaviors of consumers for business decisions and for new product development, brand message and promotional actions. It also helps to localize where a product can be improved or repositioned. How are consumer insights obtained? Quantitative research: based on the measurement and analysis Of relationships between variables. Questionnaire web survey. Qualitative research: gather a more in depth understanding of behavior. Focus group: owe cost, quick turnaround time. Marketing research tool where a small group of people engage in a moderate roundtable discussion on particular topics of interest D obtain the groups opinions about, or reactions to, specific products or marketing-oriented issues. Concept test: image, price, preparations, and benefits to see purchase intent. Used for new product development and to help develop brand messaging. Most concepts include an image of the product, along with pricing information, preparation instructions and a summary of key benefits. Presented to consumers in verbal or visual form ND quantitatively evaluated by consumers by indicating their degree Of purchase intent. Creative testing: evaluating the effectiveness of ads, testing the advertisement. The goal of both types of tests is to optimize advertising and packaging so that more consumers purchase the product. Usage and attitude study: survey that focuses on the frequency of product purchase and use, desirable attributes in products and product strengths and weaknesses. Quantitative study The Usage and Attitude study What? Ask consumers about their perception of the product:  «The frequency of product purchase and use  »  «The desirable attributes of the products  »  «The strengths and weaknesses Of the products  » Why? To find the right profile of the product user. To obtain insights and ideas about new products or current products Qualitative study The In-Home immersions study: Four two-hour visits at 2 lapsed users and 2 brand champions home. Why? To observe, rather than interview, the world of the consumer when theyre baking.  « To develop a real life and dynamic view of the consumer-brand relationships The discovery workshops study: 26 moms: lapsed and current users categories CLC shared thoughts, feelings and experiences. Why? To understand relationship and behavior regarding the Pillsbury brand 2. KEY LEARNING This part of the analysis will allow us to understand the difference and the similarities between the Canadian and the US market. First of all, we can make some observations about the Pillsbury Cookie Case: It is clear that the Family structure and consumer demographics are similar in Canada and in US as well as the frequency of RUG cookie baking. However, there is a big difference of preferences between scratch, refrigerated, and mix baking in both countries. Finally, we also can notice that the kid-request has a age impact on parents purchase especially in Canada. N this case, some researches are led: a quantitative one and a qualitative one. The results of theses studies are the following ones: The results of the quantitative study show clearly that Canadian people prefer the scratch baking. Indeed, 56% of Canadians VS.. 22% of Americans bake only from scratch. Another important thing to highlight is that there are similar purchase drivers in both countries but not in the same weight: -Top 1: Convenience -TOP 2: Taste -Top 3: Quality (12% less Canadians than Americans think it is high quality). Top 4: Kid- request: (10% more  « like to eat cookies  »13% more  « fun activity with kids  » This study also demonstrates that Purchase is impulsive and that the use of refrigerated cookie dough increases particularly in household with kids. The second research uses qualifications. Here, the results indicate that for mothers, baking experience is very important. With Pillsbury Cookie, this experience is relatively easy, quick, practical, affordable and pleasing to children. The most important thing is that baking is the opportunity to share memories and happy nonentities hillier and to put a smile on everyones face. For the children eating cookies the most important even if they participate, most of the time, with enthusiasm and involvement. What is enough surprising is the lack of interest of mothers and children toward nutritional values It does not matter because Contraindications really love Pillsbury. Baking and eating them represent a kind of magic, something special and it is better than a ready- made product because it is seen as an act of generosity because it asks some efforts to cook. And to finish, with Pillsbury, sometimes consumer has the impression of cheating or to keep a little secret that make him feel good. . RECOMMENDATIONS Now that we knotted Canadian consumers insight and the key learning from the usage and attitude study, we can develop several recommendations for Pillsbury into the Canadian market in order to increase the products sales: Commercials focus on children CM could use stimulus factors into the advertising in order to let the brand into the Children and mother memory. To do that they can play on several marketing aspects: Size, Intensity, Attractive visuals, Color and movement, Position, Isolation, Format, Contrast and expectations, Information quantity. Thus we recommend communicating on TV with attractive and colorful commercials. Emergency should place some printed adding front of schools, food retailers and bakery. These decontaminations on the convenient, quality and tasty side of the product. Create a Family bounding experience: In order to build a global relationship with the brand and give some future flashbulb memories, CM should focus on the brand experience for consumers. In order to add value for the moms the company could offer a baking experience with cooking classes. It would be a great moment to share between moms and children. Thanksgiving and Christmas are periods that have to be targeted in the calendar as both are about giving and sharing. Create a new product for Canadian consumers: We saw that Canadian moms love cooking. Therefore, CM should launch a cookie baking kit. This kit could be a box including all the necessary ingredients to bake cookies at home. It would be convenient for moms who have busy lifestyle and look for convenient solution to share time with their children. This kit could have a value added for children: 1 mould offer In each it, Minnie Mouse shape,Heart shape, Pumpkin shape, ghost shape, Snowman shape Focus on Emotion and well being association: In order to influence the attitude of the mother and their children about the brand, they can use testimonies on their website and social networks (Youth, faceable, Mainstream). Monthly newsletters with cookies recipes During special events such as: Halloween, Easter, Birthdays, Christmas, CM should share some customers recipes by emailing. Bake-off contest CM should create some Baking contest where customers will win Coupons and deals. These contests should be very attractive with music and a any attractions for children and moms. Make this day a real experience. Presentations and webzines to provide home-styles recipes We have seen that lappers and users are mothers keen on cooking and bringing joy and happiness all over the household. As webzines are web- based presentations, they would fit perfectly with the convenience sought by customers. As in the BIB industry, mothers (and potential fathers) would only have to switch on their computers or smartness to attend the webzines. Moreover, both moms and children would be able to improve their cooking skills from industry experts. Smartness APS and partnerships with high tech leaders CM could partner with smartness applications specialist in order to reach moms in new way. This would be the opportunity for consumers to connect deeply With the brand. Strategic partnerships with Tim Horton As the Canadian purchase drivers are taste for children and convenience for busy mothers, building a partnership with brand like Tim Horton would reinforce Pillsbury position and desire to connect with kids. Canadian people are in love with the restoration brand Tim Horton because its the most famous Canadian one. Moms always pick up there coffee there in the morning and get some bakeries for their children at the end of the day. For instance, like brands such as Kit or Ms did, Pillsbury could partner with one of childrens Tim Horton favorite dessert: the Tomtits. Sponsored events Shelf allocation and Point-of-sale display Pillsbury product should be situated on the lowest levels of the shelves in supermarkets in order children to kick them up and draw their mothers attention. This sales form of sales promotion located next to checkout counter would draw customers attention, and particularly childrens attention. It would be an efficient strategy to promote new Pillsbury products, or special offers according to relevant periods of the year e. G. Back To School, Halloween, Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Easter. Timeline for recommendations In order to implement these recommendations, we believe Pillsbury should build a timeline all over the year. Therefore, the marketing team would focus on specific events or period matching the customers expectations. This timeline shall bear witness of the complete understanding of consumers insights and behavior.

Students Managing Finances

Students Managing Finances Free Online Research Papers Abstract A student that can say that he or she will be able to manage their finances on their own, and actually manage them is very rare to come by. Having the knowledge to budget and maintain your finances, does not just happen. Teaching children how to save and invest are great starting points to start them off to a successful lifestyle. Young adults getting out of high school and starting college have to know how credit can affect them in their futures. Knowing how to start a budget and sticking to it, and excluding expenditures that are not necessary on a student’s budget can outline the difference to staying on top of your finances or being in debt. Students Managing Their Finances Financially smart and confident students seem to be a rare exception to most of the student population. Being financially stable is hard for students. With so many obstacles and temptations that entice young adults starting school, there are credit companies that market for the unwise high school and college freshman, to the upperclassmen that like to live outside their means. Starting a Financially smart students starts at a young age, and begins with their parents. After these lessons are planted, how can students continue with their financial stability? Starting on the Right Path of Financial Success Begins at a Young Age? Some common misconceptions that people make are that males are more responsible with their money, when females are frivolous and don’t worry about saving their money. Does gender play a part in the way people become financially stable? Starting students on the right path begins with their parents. Children learn from their parents and how the parents play each role. Andrea Rock, (2005) found that children pick up most of what they know by observing their parents, particularly their mothers. Showing children from a young age that saving and investing their money is a productive thing to do. Showing children â€Å"young students† how to start and maintain a financial plan, are the foundations of making a smart and efficient student with his or her finances, making the students life just that much easier when the financial smarts are needed later. Staying Ahead With Credit History When it comes to maintaining your credit, which is a major factor in an adults life. Aspects in a student’s life can majorly affect his or her credit history. Nellie Mae, (2002) found that 83% of all undergraduate students had one or more credit cards. For students to manage their credit history, the student has to be responsible with his or her loans and credit cards. As stated by Dan Beucke, (2005), 80% of upperclassmen think they are knowledgeable enough to manage their finances after school. Only to find that 32% missed or have been late on a payment, 24% have written a check that bounced, and 17% had to face a bill collector. Knowing how to stay away from the high interest rate credit cards, the minimum monthly payment traps, and many other mistakes can help an under or upperclassmen maintain their credit history throughout their post college life. Building a Solid Financial Plan Building a financial plan may be difficult and frightening, but once it is established it is like a weight that has been lifted. Creating a budget and sticking to it is one of the foremost important skills to get started. Students who are used to living outside of their means, this can be that much more difficult. Living like a student is crucial to sticking to a budget. Overcoming the obstacle that keeping a budget brings, then disqualify and stop expenses that are not used monthly but paid monthly. When cutting small expenses not needed in a month and redirecting those expenses to a savings account, those small amounts add up over time. Sticking to the simple efforts that only students put into effect for themselves can result to a solid and stable financial lifestyle. Conclusion With everything that is stacked up for students, either it being schoolwork to home life. Being financially stable it essential to staying afloat in today’s economy. Being able to handle credit and maintaining it correctly is a good source to solidifying that financial plan. Finances follow students throughout life, and continue throughout the life of their children. When the right lessons are learned early in a student’s life, it can grow and prosper to a life of stability. References Rock, A. (2005) Take The Gender Out Of Money Smarts. Money, 34(4), 71 Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Nellie Mae, (2002). Undergraduate students and credit cards: An analysis of usage rates and trends. Retrieved from nellliemae.com/library/research.html Beucke, D. (2005). CREDIT 101. BusinessWeek, (3939), 13. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Research Papers on Students Managing FinancesLifes What IfsStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Spring and AutumnThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationResearch Process Part One

Other, Another and A Whole Nuther

Other, Another and A Whole Nuther Other, Another and â€Å"A Whole Nuther† Other, Another and â€Å"A Whole Nuther† By Maeve Maddox Joan writes: So often I hear people use the word â€Å"nuther† when they mean â€Å"other†. Like in â€Å"thats a whole nuther story.†How did this happen? First, I don’t think that the word â€Å"nuther/nother† is being substituted for the word â€Å"other† in this expression. Rather, the word â€Å"whole† is being inserted between elements of the word another: a-whole-nother. It could be jocular usage, or it could be an example of metanalysis: The reinterpretation of the form of a word resulting in the creation of a new word; esp. the changing of the boundaries between words or morphological units. Our word apron, for example, used to be napron, but speakers hearing the words â€Å"a napron† thought they were hearing â€Å"an apron.† The same thing happened with auger, adder and umpire. Working in the other direction, what we call a newt used to be an ewt(e). Some speakers may try to correct a whole nuther story to the ungrammatical a whole other story with the result that the latter may become a common usage. As to how it happened A whole nuther/nother story has caught on because people who hear it like it. It also fits the patterns of English speech. The OED, for example, offers several uses of nother, most of them obsolete, but the word has a long history in the language. The Old English word oà ¾er meant â€Å"a second of two.† The merger of an (one) with other is documented from 1225. Another is different from the other: another refers indefinitely to any further member of a series of indeterminate extent. the other points to the remaining determinate member of a known series of two or more. I don’t think a whole nuther belongs in the speech or writing of news announcers or journalists who have a responsibility to adhere to standard usage, but its informal use in conversation doesn’t pain my grammar nerve. On the other hand, as blogger Dan Myers points out, if we use such constructions in jest, they will eventually come out of our mouths in earnest. Whats a Napron? an article of mine that appeared long ago in Highlights for Children. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesProbable vs. PossibleArtist vs. Artisan

Adolf Hitler was evil but not monstrous Research Paper

Adolf Hitler was evil but not monstrous - Research Paper Example itler, it is clear that the urge to establish peace and salvage Germany at a moment of crisis drove him to perpetrate the crimes that jeopardized his good reputation as an intelligent leader. In reality, his main aim was to streamline the economy of the country and make Germany a super power. In this effect, Adolf Hitler was an evil but not a monstrous leader. The evil side of Hitler is more pronounced than his good side in regard to his use of power within the time he led in Germany. Roberts notes that Adolf Hitler was an evil leader who fled the war that would span across the whole world and end in the worst suffering of human beings. Robert terms the First World War as â€Å"†¦ one of the worst crimes mankind has ever committed, the Holocaust† (7). In this war, over ten million of human beings lost their lives and many more became victims of suffering. His role as an army in the war depicts him as one of the most evil persons who was pleased with the suffering of the human beings. It is during the period of the war that Hitler started his anti-Semitism movement, which culminated into the suffering of the Jews. From this angle, it is clear that Hitler was a man who did not fear participating in evil. When Hitler gained political power in Germany, he perpetrated a lot of evil against human kind. His discrimination of the Jews depicts him as one the most evil leaders that could do anything to pursue his goals. Over the history of Germany, the people had a presumption that the Jews backstabbed the country and that they were the unloyal lot that betrayed the country. Roberts notes that â€Å"the idea that Jews had stabbed Germany in the back†¦. Was a lie† (14). However, Hitler’s reaction to this rumor was severe and especially on the part of the Jews. He formed concentration camps where he ordered the torture of Jews in a situation that was worse than any prison. In these camps, the Jews were starved and the quantity of food that they ate was just enough for

Evaluate the claim that migrants represent a threat to the UK economy Essay

Evaluate the claim that migrants represent a threat to the UK economy - Essay Example In a radio interview, for instance, Seimon Glynn, a rural British resident commented: â€Å"We are faced with a situation now where we are getting tidal waves of migration, inward migration into our rural areas from England, and these people are coming here to live to establish themselves here, and to influence our communities and our culture with their own. (____________________, p167) This state pretty much summed up the prevailing attitude towards immigration in the UK. It was made in reference to "inward migration," the influx of new inhabitants that are actually British subjects themselves. With the issue of foreign migration, the resentment and general negative opinion about alien workers are certainly more antagonistic and hostile. With Glynn's point of view, the two general claims against immigration were highlighted: first is that immigration takes away jobs and drain resources; and, secondly, they influence and change communities. This paper will examine if immigration, in deed, harms the UK economy in the context of these two areas. Effect on Cultural Homogeneity A fundamental consequence of immigration is multiculturalism and diversity. There is a persistent notion that they erode and threaten social cohesion and solidarity in Britain. It is not unlike a case about â€Å"they† and â€Å"us† or the concept of â€Å"otherness† that is quite at home with the British society’s imperial past and tendency to side with unity instead of diversity. What this circumstance contributes in the economic discourse of immigration is to reinforce and legitimize the view that diversity taxes obligations behind good society and the welfare state. As wave upon wave of immigrants arrive on British soils, more and more citizens are becoming concerned about the way the state would be obligated to support their needs. Hayes, for example, quipped that â€Å"refugees have begun to look like beggars at the gate, or even thieves† establishing the argument about how immigrants are becoming costly, burdensome, needy, and, hence, undesir able for the kingdom. (cited in Cohen, Humphries and Mynott 2002, p30) Indeed, as a welfare state, Britain is forced to support immigrants with benefits, usually in the form of services as well as cash through a national dispersal system. The prevailing perspective is that this would be unfair to citizens who have to share with the foreign population the services and benefits that their taxes have paid for. Then there is the issue of whether the state of the government’s finances could bear the brunt of these additional mouths to feed. As has been demonstrated in the way foreign workers were perceived to be a burden, the influx of immigrants to the United Kingdom, for some sectors, is seen to have a negative impact on the value of rights and privileges of the British citizens. For instance, the right to buy land of citizens may rightly be infringed or that as the government grants access to the labour market without any effective mechanism that regulate the way employers hire foreign workers by ensuring that it there is no available or suitable workers available in the country. (International Organization for Migration, p50-51) This aspect in the immigration controversy is quite complicated because it is tainted by bias and prejudice. The fact is that immigrants are highly restricted by the government. The stringent procedures and requirements for migrant workers ensure that those accepted into the country are only those desirable and those that could contribute to the UK economy. Cohen, Humphries

International development project analysis Essay Example for Free

International development project analysis Essay Introduction: †¢ New science, technologies and ideas are crucial for the achievement of the goals, but global research investments are insufficient to match needs and do not focus on the priorities of the poor. †¢ Many technological and policy innovations require an international scale of research effort. †¢ DFID’s (Department for International Development) Central Research Department (CRD) commissions research to help fill this gap, aiming to ensure tangible outcomes on the livelihoods of the poor. †¢ CRD seeks to influence the international and UK research agendas, putting poverty reduction and the needs of the poor at the forefront of global research efforts. †¢ CRD manages long-term research initiatives that cut across individual countries or regions, and only funds activities if there are clear opportunities and mechanisms for the research to have a significant impact on poverty. †¢ CRD works closely with DFID’s Chief Scientific Adviser to maintain external links, particularly with UK Science, Whitehall and political stakeholders, to promote DFID’s agenda. †¢ DFID is seeking views to help it develop a new research strategy 2008-2013. Your chance to get involved When developing policies, it is recognized that consulting with a wide range of interested groups helps to ensure that the impact of its proposals on different sectors of society is taken into account. Public consultations are carried out wherever possible as recommended in the Code of Practice on Consultations by the Cabinet Office in January 2004. The Code aims to increase the involvement of individuals and groups in public consultations, minimizing the burden it imposes on them, and giving them enough time to respond. This guidance is used in conjunction with the compact between the government and the voluntary and community sector which includes a specific code of good practice on ‘Consultation and Policy Appraisal’. If you would like to take part in DFID public consultations, information will be posted on these pages. . . . Page-2 Page-2 Consultation The Cabinet Office is conducting a review of Consultation Policy to see how Government consultations can be improved and is keen to hear your views. As the centre–piece of this review, Hilary Armstrong MP, Minister for the Cabinet Office and Social Exclusion, has launched a paper entitled â€Å"Effective Consultation† to seek evidence on Government consultations. The consultation is aimed at anyone with an interest in responding to government consultation exercises, from those who regularly respond to the Governments consultations to those who might be interested in doing so. These might include business organizations, voluntary and charitable sector organizations, campaigning bodies, trades unions, citizens, etc. The Better Regulation Executive is keen to meet with people who have experience of Government consultations and to discuss with them how Government consultations can be improved. The BRE is therefore organizing a series of events with Government Offices including two, larger, public seminars on the subject. †¢ Annual Reports: Assessment of performance on government consultations. †¢ Code of Practice: The Cabinet Office Code of Practice on Consultation sets out the basic principles for conducting effective Government consultations. †¢ Consultation Guidance: Guidance for running consultations in government. †¢ Current Cabinet Office Consultations: A list of current Cabinet Office consultations with links for more information. †¢ Government Consultations: Links to departmental consultation websites. †¢ Effective Consultation Events: Further details on the Better Regulation Executives program of Consultation events. The following eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were agreed at the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000 and nearly 190 countries have subsequently signed up to them. The eight Millennium Development Goals: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. 2. Achieve universal primary education. 3. Promote gender equality and empower women. 4. Reduce child mortality. 5. Improve maternal health. 6. Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases. 7. Ensure environmental sustainability. 8. Develop a global partnership for development. . . . Page-3 Page-3 REPORTS AND FORMATS Annual Report Format for DFID-contracted Research Programmes Front cover with Title of Research Programme, Reference Number and the Period Covered by the report. Include a table of contents, annexes, etc. , as necessary. 1. Background Information Title of Research Programme: Reference Number: Period covered by report: Name of lead institution and Director: Key partners: Countries covered by research: Planned Actual Start Date: End Date: Total programme budget: 2. One page summary (A narrative focussing on two main questions: (i) How far have intended outputs as listed in the logframe been achieved? And (ii) What is the impact of the research programme so far? ) 3. Key Themes Progress towards outputs and impact What are the research outputs? Outputs OVIs Progress Recommendations/Comments Where are the research impacts? Purpose OVIs Progress Recommendations/Comments 4. Lessons learnt †¢ Working with Partners †¢ Good Practice/Innovation †¢ Project/programme Management †¢ Communication 5. Programme Management Annual Report Summary sheet for R4D 1. Background Information Title of research programme: Reference Number: Period covered by report: Name of lead institution and Director: Key partners: Countries covered by research: Start Date for research programme: End Date for research programme: 2. One page summary 3. Products and Publications Inception Phase Report Format Front cover with Title of Research Programme, Reference Number and the Period Covered by the report. Include a table of contents, annexes, etc. , as necessary. 1. Background Information Title of research programme: Reference Number: Period covered by report: Name of lead institution and Director: Key partners: Countries to be covered by research: 2. A document of overall plans to complement your research proposal and setting out: †¢ Themes. †¢ Planned activities. †¢ Areas for development during life of the research program. †¢ Where appropriate, a response to referees comments on the original research proposal and/or any comments or note of endorsement from the CAG/CARG. 3. Finalized log frame 4. Plans for capacity development 5. The Management structure for the research program 6. Ongoing monitoring arrangements for the research program 7. Communication strategy 8. Annual activity plan 9. Detailed financial plan.

Abortion in Australia Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essay

Abortion in Australia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our world today is full of unsolved, devisive and controversial issues. Most of them relate to our morals, ethics and religion, thus creating a very strong ‘yes’ and ‘no’, or ‘good’ and ‘bad’ side. Like the Chinese Yin and Yang sign, abortion has a very prominent ‘black’ and ‘white’ side but also contains traces of each in the alternating colour. This shows that if you were to come to any kind of conclusion on abortion, there would still be a downside to it, and that is primarily why the world cannot agree on this sensitive and emotional issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being female myself, I can understand why a woman would want to have an abortion. Being pregnant and wishing you weren’t is probably the worst feeling a woman can have. Knowing that if you brought a child into the world and you didn’t want it, or you would have to give it up for adoption is such a disheartening way to start off, and you and the un-born child would be so much better off if you were to terminate the pregnancy and wait for a more appropriate time, or in the case of rape, put the past behind you and move on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society has attached a stigma to abortion. When we hear of women having abortions, we seem to automatically think that she wasn’t careful enough, or she didn’t use contraception. We forget to stop and think about the other possible reasons she may have accidentally become pregnant. Just forgetting to take one pill per packet can reduce it’s effectiveness and also taking anti-biotics, or being ill can also undermine the way the pill works. Condoms can tear or be forgotten, and emergency contraceptives like the ‘morning after’ pill are underprescribed and not readily available. Would it surprise you that over 50% of women getting an abortion in Britain used some form of contraception when they got pregnant? This obviously shows that women are having huge problems with using contraception, and something needs to be done about it now. Starting by educating women more on the pill and the way it works, the after effects of abortion, and the risks of having an abortion. We don’t want abortion to become the easy way out though. People just need to know more about it and have to satisfy specific criteria before having the pregnancy terminated, for instance by interviews with doctor’s, given unbiased advice, and consultations with peop... ...at Justice Menhennit ruled that abortion was legal in Australia, to protect the life or health of the woman. This has made abortion available to all who need it, and women can go to Family Planning Centres all over Australia and receive the advice and support that they need. So far about 20,000 Victorian women have an abortion in a year, but that doesn’t compare to the statistics in Britain where 1 in every 4 women will have an abortion at some stage. Lets just keep abortion as the very last option and not travel down the path in which Britain and the USA are heading. We don’t want babies getting thrown out in bins like vegetable waste now do we Works Cited: 1) â€Å"Doctor quits, cites anti-abortion threats† http://www.washingtonpost.com/cgi-bin/gx.cgi/AppLogic 2) â€Å"Half UK Women seeking abortion used contraception† http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/999013/sc/health_contraception_2.html 3) Abortion Information http://www.medico.abort.jk24/ss_health.com 4) â€Å"Scotland Church Chided on Abortion† http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/ap/19991011/wl/scotland_pregnancy_4.html 5) Abortion at Family Planning Centres 171 Berkeley Street, Carlton, 3053 Melbourne, Australia

Relationships in Love Medicine

Rachel Robinson April 15, 2013 Multicultural Literature Christian Davis Relationships in Love Medicine Love Medicine is a series of short stories that was written by Lousie Erdrich in 1984 and covers a time span of 60 years. Love Medicine is set in North Dakota on an Indian reservation known as Turtle Mountain. Although the novel is fiction, the cultural, social, and economical aspects depicted are very realistic. Hertha Sweet Wong describes Love Medicine as â€Å"Metafiction, ironically self-conscious in its mode of telling, concerned as much with exploiting the process of storytelling as with the story itself. (35) Erdrich’s Love Medicine is not so much based on plot as on several key relationships. These relationships include; the love triangle between Marie, Nector, and Lulu; June and how her death made an impact on other characters and Lipsha a key figure to understanding the novel. June is introduced at the beginning of the novel by telling the story of her death. Altho ugh June is dead through the entire novel her memory lives on as her family and friends recall memories they shared with June and even some of their own memories throughout the novel. June will figure throughout the novel as a touchstone for the other characters† (Sweet Wong 57) June’s death affected all of the characters in the novel. June is â€Å"†¦the erratic and once vivacious beauty of the family†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as described by Sweet Wong. (38) June left behind her husband Gordie and her son King, along with her lover Gerry whom she also had a son with named Lipsha. Every character in the book is impacted by June’s death. June is said to be â€Å"the catalyst for the narrations that follow, stories that trace the intricate and often antagonistic relationships in the two families from which she came† (Sweet Wong 38).Junes son, King, buys a car with the money he receives from his mother’s death. The car is a shiny new sports car, which the o thers do not go near to because they are afraid that it is a ghost. June’s death also affected her niece Albertine’s relationship with her family. Albertine’s mother did not invite Albertine to the wedding but instead sent her a letter explaining to her that her Aunt June was dead and already buried. Albertine was very upset with her mother and refused to speak with her because of the way she handled the situation.Lipsha Morrissey is June’s abandoned son and is arguably the key figure to understanding the whole novel. Lipsha is the one who makes the love medicine, from which the title of the novel comes from. Lipsha’s first attempt at using the love medicine was for his grandparents who were on the verge of splitting because his grandfather, Nector, does not love his grandmother, Marie, anymore. Lipsha fails in getting a blessing from the priest and a nun and therefore makes the medicine incorrectly. He then tries to give it to his grandfather but he refuses to take it suspecting foul play.Lipsha knows that the medicine will not work unless both his grandmother and grandfather take the medicine so his grandmother, who also wanted to resolve the relationship, forces her husband to eat the heart. She forces it down his throat and Lipsha’s grandfather ends up chocking and dying from it. This causes Lipsha to realize that his meddling with the love medicine was very dangerous and not something to take lightly. Lipsha is a key figure to the novel because he shows how the love medicine is very dangerous.Lipsha learned a lesson through his actions of meddling with the love medicine. Lipsha shows us what happens when the love medicine is misused. â€Å"I could tell him it was all my fault for playing with power I did not understand. Maybe he'd forgive me and rest in peace† (212-13). Lipsha acts based upon how he feels rather than what is logical. He really understands the meaning and purpose of life. Lipsha sees how his grandmother, Marie, is hurting and helps her out. Nector has a confusing and complex relationship with two women, Lulu and Marie that unfolds throughout the novel.According to Hertha Sweet Wong, â€Å"Nector also articulates the strategy he will follow throughout the course of his life: he goes consistently with the current never fighting very strongly if at all† (62). Although Nector married Marie he loves Lulu and cannot get pass these feeling for her. Nector’s marriage with Marie is pretty happy until he realizes he is still in love with Lulu. Nector begins having an affair with Lulu that lasts for five years. Although the affair is intended for Nector to finally get what he has yearned for his whole life it suddenly turns into a complicated mess.What started as a carefree affair with the love of his life turned into a strict scheduling of when he as to see Lulu and get time away from Marie. The relationship became serious and turned into something that Nector need ed. He made Lulu into what seemed like a second wife and turned this care free love into a chore. Nector became controlling over Lulu and wanted her to only be his. Everything increased in complexity when Lulu had Nectors child. Nector gets fed up with the double relationships tries to leave Lulu. Once he realizes he cannot bear to be without her he decides to tell Marie he is leaving her for Lulu.To add to the complexity of the situation, Nector accidentally burns down Lulu’s house in the middle of all of this. With the mess of events Nector caused he ends up staying with Marie until he is out in a retirement home at an old age. At this retirement home Nector has very poor memory. Lipsha tells us of how Nector begins an affair with Lulu once again at the retirement home. Marie is desperate for Nector to remain faithful to her and searches for a way for him to be forced to. Her solution is to ask for help from Lipsha to make love medicine that will keep Nector faithful.Lipsha messes up in the process of making the medicine and Nector ends up dying from it. This seemed to be the only way to ultimately resolve the conflict between the women. â€Å"Love Medicine is a powerful novel. It develops hard, clear pictures of Indian people struggling to hold their lives together, hanging on to the edge of the reservation or fighting to make a place for themselves in bleak mid-western cities or devising ingenious ways to make more break for freedom, but its most remarkable quality is how it manages to give new form to oral tradition† (Sweet Wong 42).The characters in Love Medicine intermingled and interacted with each other in a way that takes priority over the plot of the novel. June was not alive throughout the novel but her death and figure played a very significant role in the novel. â€Å"June’s loss will underscore each character’s sense of identity when the tribal community and, concomitantly, each character’s potential for survi val† (Sweet Wong 57) Lipsha is a very important, if not the most important, character in the novel.Lipsha was the one who made the love medicine and intermingled in the other people’s love lives. Nector’s love triangle with Lulu and Marie is a complicating mess that is a key part to the novel. Nector was never satisfied with what he got and always wanted more. In the end he could not have what he wanted and ended up with neither of the women. All Marie wanted was for Nector to stay faithful to her but Nector’s heart belonged to Lulu.

Do We Pay Athletes Too Much?

Do professional athletes get paid too much? In my personal opinion: No In this modern era this is an ethical issue that comes up more and more often. This has been brought up especially in times of economic hardship and the recession whereby families are really struggling to make ends meet with unemployment, delay of retirement and general reductions in disposable income. During this paper it shall be discussed how the ethical issue of high wages came about, why it is an issue, who is affected and what actions can be taken. Why is there this ethical problem?To put it simply, it is a matter of personal opinion and knowledge on whether you believe professional athletes in the United States should get paid the level of wages that they do. Below is a chart produced by Canbridge University which gives an introductory represenation of the salaries professional athletes earn annually. From June 2008 to June 2009, the highest paid professional athlete, Tiger Woods, made $110 million accordin g to Forbes. Also on their list, at number two, was Kobe Bryant making $45 million, and Michael Jordan with the same amount (and Michael Jordan hasn’t played in quite a while! . According to Forbes Magazine, the highest paying â€Å"regular† job in the U. S. during 2009 was that of a surgeon. The average annual pay of a surgeon last year was $206,770 (also out of Forbes). While the average pay for classroom teachers in the United States is $38,000 per year. At that rate, a teacher would need a little more than 27 years to make $1 million — less than half what a basketball player makes, on average, in just one year. The average pay for fire-fighters in the United States is around $40,000. The starting salary for police officers in the United States is around $29,000.Do athletes deserve more money than fire-fighters or teachers — people who hold what many consider being more valuable jobs? This is the basis of where this ethical problem comes about. Some pe ople work their entire life trying to make a living to support the families they have and have a very hard time trying to live near the poverty line. Some of the jobs they have to take to support their families are hard, manual labor jobs that they have to work at for 12 hours at a time. For example, adults that work in fast food estaurants usually work long days so they can make enough money to support a family, because minimum wage doesn’t go far in today’s world. Single parents usually work even harder than families that have two incomes helping to support them. The average professional football player gets paid almost $2 million and they’re not even the highest paid professional sport. Basketball players make the most out of all pro sports with the average salary being $5 million and the only thing they have to do is practice and play in games (FreeMoneyFinance).However it is rarely considered how much tax and good these athletes do in helping our economy. I n the banking business it is known as the ‘jock tax’ and when understood, people will not be so judgmental. For federal purposes, professional athletes are taxed in the same manner as other taxpayers: gross income less deductions equals taxable income. Federal tax is computed without regard to your state of residency (home state), or where the employer/team is located (team state). The current top federal tax rate is 35%, starting at taxable income of $319,101 (2004, single filing status) (ZZLR. om). Now to tax that level for an athlete that earns millions of dollars a year is creating some useful revenue for states and the government that no one can argue with. Another reason why athletes do not get overpaid is the wrong attitude that some people posses. For example people say, â€Å"Oh, I would hit a baseball for millions of dollars a year. † Well, I’m sorry you can’t. These athletes are unbelievably blessed with talent. All of these players have such immense and extraordinary ability that they make the game look effortless.In fact, good luck hitting a 96 MPH fastball moving down and in on your hands with a wood bat. If you were to put one of these players with a cluster of amateurs, they would stand out to such a degree, it would be astonishing. So, is nine months out of the year devoid of a vacation easy for you? Is travelling to different cities approximately every three days across the nation undemanding for you? Is being away from your family for most of the year trouble-free for you? Is hitting a 96 MPH fastball effortless for you? You are starting to deserve that pay check.People say it is just a game and athletes shouldn’t be paid so much. It is not just a game. Billions and billions of dollars get dumped into professional sports. In fact, professional sports are the 11th most lucrative business in the entire world (UPENN. EDU). It is a form of entertainment and people are willing to pay the big bucks to watch these athletes perform. If nobody came to watch, they wouldn’t get paid what they do. The fans pay the wages after all. In economical terms demand for high performing sports stars is high while there are a few numbers of them.This makes their wages high. Direct affect this issue applies to, of course, is professional athletes†¦ along with their respected affiliated clubs/teams who pay their salaries. In certain examples such as that of soccer team Manchester City, which runs with a loss, is kept afloat by a Middle Eastern royal family so in that case they pay player’s wages. Indirectly effected parties include those who contribute to the funding of high wages. Examples of these include supporters going to games, television networks paying licence fees, the public paying for cable to watch the games.One of the options discussed would be to cut player’s salaries. Now this could have profound consequences for many directly and indirectly involved. Firstly, th e quality of sportsman would diminish. This is a general mental happening that when you reduce a person’s reward for something, more often than not, they will reduce their work ethic consequently. The knock on affect of this would be that people would then find sports less entertaining which is a social consequence as people need entertainment.After this it would probably be assumed that this industry that employs millions of people, the 11th largest industry in business, could start to struggle with the consequential fall in demand†¦ due to a fall in quality. People would indirectly be affected as the level of taxation that these athletes would drop and consequently affect the economy negatively not to mention the reduced spending the economy would see as they would have less disposable income. This would affect other people through job s and welfare.For example, if a professional footballer does not buy a boat in Florida then the company who makes the boat would lose o ut. Welfare wise, the federal governments would have less money to put towards benefits to help those less fortunate. Similar to this charities would find themselves losing out also as the athletes would probably donate less as they would have less wealth to offer. This would, again, influence people negatively. To partly reduce this ethical dilemma however it can be seen that wage caps could be introduced.These have been introduced in major competitions including: NFL, NHL, English Rugby Union and NBA. However there are pros and cons to the idea. For example, the  NBA salary cap  is the limit to the total amount of money that  National Basketball Association  teams are allowed to pay their players. It is defined by the  league's collective bargaining agreement  (CBA). The actual amount of the  salary cap  varies on a year-to-year basis, and is calculated as a percentage of the league's revenue from the previous season; for instance, in  2007–08, the NBA's s alary cap was approximately US$55.   million per team, and for the  2008–09  season it was $58. 68  million (NBA. com). Now, before it is discussed how the cap could be deemed pointless, it must be considered that if this system is done properly then wages would not go above and beyond relative figures when considering a leagues income. If a league sees more demand (television rights, franchise, etc) and therefore gains more revenue then it should be passed onto the players, surely. The issue here is that the actual problem of high wages is not stopped†¦ only in certain situations capped.To put across this point, in all but one season the revenue of NBA has been reduced. The reaction to this is that wages have also, in respect, gone up in a positive correlation. In conclusion, it is well documented that NBA stars are one of the best paid sports people in the business, even with a salary cap. The cap itself only stops certain individuals received ludicrous deals r elative to the rest of the industry and does not mean the average wage would not still be high. Again, there is the demand to watch these athletes and the result of this is the money that is made from that demand sustains high wages.It is basic economics. In terms of punishment for breaking of the salary caps, at the moment, only include fines. Examples of this include in 2012 where the Cowboys will be penalized $10 million, paying $5 million a year for two years. The Redskins penalty is much harsher at $36 million ($18 million a year for two years). While the Cowboys are unlikely to feel that much of a pinch, the penalty puts the Redskins in a world of hurt. That $18 million a year is significant money. The Redskins have a decent amount of young talent. Those not already signed to deals may be lost.Tight end Fred Davis, a burgeoning star, is on a one-year contract. And Kory Lichtensteiger, a left guard, may not be a Pro Bowler, but he’s worth keeping around. He is also on a one-year  deal (forbes. com). Personally, if I was a leader of an organization who had power over such an ethical issue such as a governing body or the government itself I do not believe I would enforce or change anything at present. In fact, the idea of a salary cap is off putting. I believe strongly that if an individual is worth a sum of money to a team that is natural in a market situation, i. . he can generate that revenue back for the team and the demand for him/her is there then why shouldn’t they get paid that money. Regardless of whether they save lives or not the quality of their labor is just as important. Perhaps not on a life-saving level however in terms of entertaining millions of people after thousands of hours of practise I believe to pay high wages is natural in the business environment professional athletes find themselves. Citations Badenhausen, Kurt. Top 100 paid athletes. N. p. : Forbes, 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. forbes. om/sites/kurtbadenh ausen/2012/06/18/mayweather-tops-list-of-the-worlds-100-highest-paid-athletes/;. NBA. NBA salary cap. N. p. : NBA. com, 2008. N. pag. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. nba. com/news/salarycap_070710. html;. â€Å"Salaries of Professional Athletes. †Ã‚  FreeMoneyFinance. N. p. , 2006. Web. 10 Jan 2012. ;http://www. freemoneyfinance. com/2006/09/salaries_of_ave. html;. Cambridge University. Pros paid too much? Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2011. N. pag. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. cambridge. org/other_files/downloads/esl/strageticreading/6843_SRL1_U04_P09. 1_sport. pdf;. UPENN. Where's the business in sport? Philladelphia: University of Pennsylvania, n. d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . Zeisler, Zeisler, Rawson & Johnson LLP. Taxes: Cost of being a professional athlete. N. p. : ZZLRJ. com, 2011. N. pag. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . Salary Cap Penalties. N. p. : Forbes, 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. .

Women in Ancient Greek Marriages

Women in Ancient Greek Marriages The Greeks thought that Cecrops- one of the early kings of Athens who wasnt entirely human- was responsible for civilizing mankind and establishing monogamous marriage. Men were still free to establish relationships with courtesans and prostitutes, but with the institution of matrimony, lines of heredity could be traced, and marriage established who was in charge of the woman. Marriage Partners Since citizenship was passed through to ones offspring, there were limits on whom a citizen might marry. With the enactment of Pericles citizenship laws, resident aliens- or metics- were suddenly taboo. As in the Oedipus story, mothers were taboo, as were full sisters, but uncles might marry nieces and brothers could mary their half-sisters primarily in order to keep property in the family. Types of Marriage There were two basic types of marriage that provided legitimate offspring. In one, the male legal guardian (kurios) who had charge of the woman arranged her marriage partner. This type of marriage is called enguesis betrothal. If a woman was an heiress without a kurios, she was called an epikleros and might be (re-)married by the marriage form known as epidikasia. Marital Obligations of the Greek Heiress It was unusual for a woman to own property, so the marriage of an epikleros was to the next closest available male in the family, who thereby gained control of the property. If the woman were not an heiress, the archon would find a close male relative to marry her and become her kurios. Women married in this way produced sons who were legal heirs to their fathers property. The dowry was an important provision for the woman since she would not inherit her husbands property. It was established at the enguesis. The dowry would have to provide for the woman in case of either death or divorce, but it would be managed by her kurios. The Month for Marriage One of the months of the Athenian calendar was called Gamelion for the Greek word for wedding. It was in this winter month that most Athenian weddings took place. The ceremony was a complicated ceremony involving sacrifice and other rituals, including registration of the wife in the phratry of the husband. Greek Women's Living Quarters The wife lived in the gynaikonitis womens quarters where she overlooked the management of the home, tended to the educational needs of the young children, and of any daughters until marriage, cared for the sick, and made clothing.